ethiopian president died

HIS EXCELLENCY GIRMA WOLDE-GIORGIS, PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
Girma Wolde-Giorgis not too old to lead
old is gold




Girma Wolde-Giorgis born December 1924 in Addis Ababa (1917 as per the Ethiopian Calendar) is the President of Ethiopia. He was elected on October 8, 2001, as a relative unknown and a surprise choice, by a unanimous vote of the Ethiopian Parliament. The Ethiopian presidency is largely a symbolic office with little power. Presidents serve six-year terms. The president is independent of any political party in the country and would have no affiliation with any political party.

As reported by the BBC "UnKnown Elected Ethiopian President" "The elderly businessman-turned-politician has survived three successive regimes.

Under Emperor Haile Selassie, Lt. Girma served in various capacities at the Ethiopian Air Force and the Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority in the former province of Ethiopia, Eritrea, until his retirement in 1953 E.C., when he became member of the parliament.

Also under the emperor, he joined parliament and became president of the lower chamber.

In this role, he established the first international parliamentary committee and developed a flair for international relations.

biography of Girma woldegiorgis

in 1941 he was enlisted at the Ethiopian Military Radio Communication set up by U.K.
in 1944 he graduated from the Oletta Military Academy as a Sub-Lieutenant
joined the Air Force in 1946 and took various Air Management courses
became assistant teacher in air navigation and flight control in 1948
became head of Civil Aviation of Eritrea in 1955 (Eritrea, at the time, was federated)
assumed the post of Director General of the Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority in 1957 and was Board member of the Ethiopian Airlines during the same period.
became Director General of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Planning at the time of establishment in 1951
became member of parliament in 1961
was elected speaker of the parliament for three consecutive years.
helped win a seat for the Ethiopian Parliament in the International Parliamentary Union and attended conferences of the IPU in Switzerland, Denmark and former Yugoslavia and was elected as Vice President of the 52nd Meeting of the International Parliamentary Union.
served as Manager of the Import and Export Enterprise (IMPEX).
served as deputy Commissioner of the Peace Programme drawn up in 1977 by the provisional military government of Ethiopia (Derg) to settle the Eritrean problem peacefully.
became member of the House of Peoples' Representatives of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) after winning in the Becho woreda constituency, Mirab Shewa Zone of the Oromia Region, as an independent candidate in the second round elections in 2000.
[edit] Experience in non-governmental officesBetween 1965 and 1974:

Board member of the Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce
Representative for Australian Trade Mission in Ethiopia
Founder and Director of the Ghibe Agricultural Association
Founder and Director of the Keffa and Illubabor Timber Processing Industry
While in Eritrea before 1990:

President of the Ethiopian Red Cross Society- Eritrea Branch (Asmara)
Board President of Cheshire Home
Managing Director of Leprosy Control Organization
Upon returning from Eritrea in 1990, he served as Board Member of the Ethiopian Red Cross Society and Head of its International Logistics Department.

He launched an environmental protection association called Lem Ethiopia in March 1992 to date serving as Vice President of the Board of the Association.

President of Ethiopia girma dead

Ethiopia's ceremonial President Girma Woldegiogris has reportedly died after battling with acute diabetes and a heart attack, according to sources. He reportedly died in Riyadh hospital, Saudi Arabia the day before. Before moving to Saudi Arabia, Girma was hospitalised for a short while in the Myungsung Christian Medical Center (MCM Korean Hospital), in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.

Girma woldegiorgis died

Girma's Government Experience

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In 1933 he was enlisted at the Ethiopian Military Radio Communication set up by U.K.
in 1936 graduated from the Genet Military School as a Sub-Lieutenant
joined the Air Force in 1938 and took various Air Management courses
became assistant teacher in Air Navigation and Flight Control in 1940
became head of Civil Aviation of the Federal Government of Eritrea in 1947
assumed the post of Director General of the Ethiopian Civil Aviation in 1949 and was Board member of the Ethiopian Airlines during the same period.
became Director General of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Planning at the time of establishment in 1951 became member of parliament in 1953 was elected president of the parliament for three consecutive years.

He helped win a seat for the Ethiopian Parliament in the International Parliamentary Union and attended conferences of the IPU in Switzerland, Denmark and former Yugoslavia and was elected as Vice President of the 52nd Meeting of the International Parliamentary Union.
represented the business community in the Civil consultative Commission set-up by the Dergue until it was dissolved in 1967.
served as Manager of the Import and Export Enterprise (IMPEX).
served as deputy Commissioner of the Peace Programme drawn up in 1969 by the provisional military government to settle the Eritrean problem peacefully.
became member of the Council of Peoples Representatives of FDRE after winning in the Becho Woreda constituency, West Shoa Zone of Oromia State, as a private candidate in the second round elections in 1992.

fruit fly experiment

Fruit fly experiment

Introduction
The purpose of our fruit fly experiment was to learn about genetics, which is the study of DNA, genes and traits. We also studied mutations, which are the changing of an organism's genes and DNA sequence which makes the organism different than that of its species, and the effects of it on our flies I tested the sex-linkage model of inheritance, and then predict the results using a Punnett square. I crossed female flies homozygous for the normal allele with a male that expresses the mutant trait. If this gene is on a sex chromosome I will see a different pattern than if the gene is on an autosome. ( Martin Brookes, March 2001)
Fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is very suitable for experimental crosses in the classroom laboratory to demonstrate classical Mendelian laws and to study the inheritance of selected qualitative traits. It is an ideal organism for genetic studies because it has the following characteristic:
• has a short life cycle (10-14 days at 25°C)
• Possesses an abundance of genetic variability (body colour, eye colour, wing shape, wing length, etc)
• Is small and easy to handle and culture.
• Is convenient and inexpensive.
Drosophila melanogaster was among the first organisms used for genetic analysis, and today it is one of the most widely used and genetically best known of all eukaryotic organisms. Charles W. Woodworth is credited with being the first to breed Drosophila in quantity and for suggesting to W. E. Castle that they might be used for genetic research during his time at Harvard University. Thomas Hunt Morgan began using fruit flies in experimental studies of heredity at Columbia University in 1910. Morgan and his students eventually elucidated many basic principles of heredity, including sex-linked inheritance, epistasis, multiple alleles, and gene mapping. (Morgan, T. H., 1909)







Method
I used “Ether-ators” to put the flies to sleep. I placed the etherator sponge side down on the bench, removed the cone top, and tapped the fly vial gently to send the flies down to the blue media. I quickly placed the etherator on top of the fly vial. I inverted the two so that the fly vial is on the etherator. I tapped gently to send the flies down to the snoozing chamber. I quickly placed the cone lid back on the etherator and gave the flies three minutes to sleep.
Then, I poured the flies out onto the card for observations. I observed each of the stages: larva, pupa and adult under a dissecting microscope. I counted the flies by categorizing on their sexes. Males are smaller than the females with five abdominal segments. Males have dark hair like projections and solid colored tip on their abdomen. Females have stripes on their abdomen.
To calculate the chi square statistic x2, for each observed number in the table subtract the corresponding expected number (O — E), square the difference [(O —E)2 ], divide the squares obtained for each cell by the expected number for that cell [ (O - E)2 / E ]. Finally, sum all the values for (O - E) 2 / E.
To find the degrees of freedom, I subtracted one from the number of classes. There were four classes,therefor 4-1=3. Then I compared calculated value to "critical" value in a table at appropriate degrees of freedom and significance level. This indicates whether or not there is a significant difference between the actual and predicted values. Look up the chi-square value on a Chi-square distribution table; find the degree of freedom and the probability of 0.05; move down the columns and across rows to find the Chi-square value. If your value is lower than 7.815, then accept the null hypothesis of no difference. (Alemadi, 2011)
Results
The hypothesis of the experiment is traits could in fact be passed on in the same manner predicted by the inheritance of sex chromosomes. The inheritance of the sex determining chromosomes in Drosophila seemed to follow closely with the inheritance of the white-eye phenotype. The data I collected in vial #1, 2 and 3 are accepted but the data I collected on vial #4 is rejected. According to the statistical results Vial #1(0.34), vial#2(0.364) and vial#3(1.8) X^2 values were less than 7.218 which support our predictions and support the null hypothesis. Via #3 did not support our hypothesis. The computed results are less than 7.218 because our actual result is reasonably close to the expected result with minor variations. Vial #2 is so important. If a gene is on sex chromosome we will see different pattern than if it is on autosome. We check this phenomenon by comparing vial #2 between the sex chromosome prediction and the autosome prediction.



Actual and expected counting results of flies
Females males
vial actual expected actual expected
red white red white red white red white
1 325 0 334 0 342 1 334 0
2 274 4 274 0 6 264 274 0
3 135 7 137 0 125 7 137 0
4 4 394 0 356 6 308 0 356

Results of Chi-square Analysis
vial Chi-square calculated Chi-square from table Accept/reject null hypothesis
1 0.34 7.815 accept
2 0.364 7.815 accept
3 1.8 7.815 accept
4 10.53 7.815 reject

Discussion
The tested null hypotheses were accepted. As explained in class the genes are linked. The mutant gene for eye color appears on chromosome number. According to results, the chi-square calculated numbers indicate reason to accept the hypotheses because the observed data had only small difference from the expected. The actual results of an experiment are unlikely to match the expected results precisely. But how great a variance is significant. As such “implies” the difference can be due only to chance sampling variation. Had the statistic been greater than the critical value the null hypothesis would have been rejected? Vial #4 has significantly much variation than the expected value. Reasons for this outcome range from numerous potential errors. It is possible I did not count and or observe all the flies in the vials. Flies often “escape” despite best efforts to contain them. It is very likely they flew away. Some flies were still in their pupae stage and thus yet to enclose. If the count was done two days later maybe different ratios would have been observed supporting the null hypotheses. Other error could have been the results of poor cultivating on my part. Flies could have “hid” themselves under shed exoskeleton, the media, etc. thus it is possible all the adult flies were not removed from the vials after each count. In general the experimentation is recommended to determine the null hypotheses truly should be accepted. The only problem we had was that we had contamination in vial two which probably messed up some of our data. If we were to repeat this we would probably double check all of our work. In conclusion the experiment helped us to learn that genes are related to chromosomes. (Molly Runner, 2000)


References
Benson, K. R. T. H 2001
Morgan, T. H., 1909
Martin Brookes, March 2001
Molly Runner, 2000

Regional Publications

Regional Publications
The guest speaker, Dr. Tom Riley, had an interesting presentation. From the guest speaker and the North Dakota State University Humanities and Social Science websites, I learned that writing a book is a long process and need patient, As a future author, I learned the importance of collaboration among authors, publishers, and reviewers and other personnel who are tied to publishing business. Authors also should keep the original manuscript for further editing. In addition, they are expected to promote their book.
“The decision may be acceptance (generally with some revisions expected prior to publication), rejection, or return to author with suggestions for revisions and invitation to re-submit. It is the intention of the Institute, almost always realized, to give this decision to the author within three months of submission. Whatever the decision, manuscripts are returned to authors along with the anonymous reviewer comments.” North Dakota State University website
From this article, I have learned that writing a book is a long process. An author’s job doesn’t end after he finishes writing his manuscript and submits it to a publisher. He might receive the manuscript back to make necessary changes after being reviewed by reviewers. I also learned to publish a better book for readers, authors, publishers, reviewers, and other personnel who are tied to publishing business should work hand to hand to publish quality work for readers. They should exchange contact information: phone numbers, mailing address and emails of each other to communicate effectively when needed.
As the guest speaker stated, “Authors should be prepared to submit, along with hard copy, a word-processed version of the work after it is accepted and necessary revisions have been made.” Therefore authors should save their work before submitting it to access it later to make necessary changes. This saves them from writing the manuscript again.
Authors should be patient because it takes a minimum of six months to publish a book in North Dakota State University and more than a year for New Rivers Press. Because the book must be reviewed by reviewers and the editors then returned back to the author with evaluations of the reviewers to make changes. As the Submission Manuscript for Consideration section of the NDSU website stated, in addition to writing the manuscript and proofreading authors are expected to market their books.
The Guidelines for Reviewers of Manuscripts section of the website stated all the important stuffs that reviewers has to know before starting reviewing. I recommend authors to read this section before submitting their work to familiarize themselves with the requirements and make necessary changes before submitting their work to save time and possible rejections. Manuscripts should be logically organized, readable, coherent, clear, interesting, supportable, accurate, and marketable. The author also must make sure his work gives substantive contribution to the public by promoting knowledge and a cultural consciousness among the general population and the academic community.

History of book Publishing

History and Aesthetics of the Book
“7th to 13th Century: The age of religious "manuscript" book production. Books in this period are entirely constructed by hand, and are largely religious texts whose creation is meant as an act of worship. 13th to 15th Century: The secularization of book production. Books are beginning to be produced that do not serve as objects of worship, but that try to explain something about the observable world. The difficulty with the spread of such knowledge is that production is still taking place via pre-print - manuscript - methods.” From Manuscripts, Books, and Maps: The Printing Press and a Changing World
From this article I can understand that democracy and freedom are essential for the development of book publishing. Lack of freedom of expressing non-religious thoughts between the 7th and 13th Centuries limited book production only to religious manuscripts. When there is freedom of writing, authors can write on any issues, publish and distribute it to the general public. This helps for the development of book publishing.
The article “Manuscripts, Books, and Maps: The Printing Press and a Changing World” stated, that the Crusaders in the 13th century brought with them texts from Byzantium when they returned from the Crusade War. This shows international relations are the most important thing for the development of book publishing. One part of the world may have the advanced technology for book publishing; the other country may have human power to produce books therefore strong correlation among countries is crucial for the development of book publishing.
As the article “Manuscripts, Books, and Maps: The Printing Press and a Changing World” also stated the lack of a uniform cataloging system in the libraries. Even though one had access to the library of a monastery, there was no way of knowing what was in the collection, or where it is located due to lack of technology to access the book. Now that computers solved the problem, we can search the books we want in catalog in the library and get it any time. This shows that the advancement in technology is important for accessing books.
From the guest speaker Anna Arnar, Professor of Art History, I learned we can study the history of books by studying the history of religion because people used books to spread their religion at different times in history. Because there were neither authors' nor publishing rights back in those days, anyone could have a text recopied, and even alter its contents, and earn money while authors earn nothing. Authors faced several problems. This is happening a lot in the developing countries until this day. Authors in the developing countries have only names but they are financially weak due to copy right issues. From these historical perspectives we can learn that there should be copy right laws and it should be respected. History is about the future. Unless we learned from history and make changes, we will repeat historical mistakes again.